Photography glossary - I
IDll - Chemical developer for Black and White films from Ilford
IC-Card PC-Card.
iD Photo MO Disk The smallest rewritable optical storage medium for digital cameras. A joint development from Olympus, Sanyo and Hitachi Maxell. It features an amazing capacity of 730 MB. This means about 2,000 photos can be taken before the media needs to be changed.
"Ideal" format - film format in the proportion of 4 to 3, e.g. 6 x
4.5cm. This ratio is considered the ideal shape by some
manufacturers and many photographers for both vertical and
horizontal composition.
IEEE-1284 A high-speed bidirectional parallel port specification used by printers and devices like card readers.
IEEE 1394 A port capable of transferring large amounts of data. Currently the fastest available port. Commonly known as Firewire.
IF (Internal Focusing) - system in which only the internal lens group shifts during focusing. IF benefits include focusing without changing the physical length of a lens body, faster focusing, reduced diameter of the focusing ring, closer minimum focusing
distance, and aberrations corrected throughout the entire focusing distance range.
IFF (Interchange File Format) the Amiga file format.
Image Formats The method of compressing and saving an image file.
Illuminance - term quantifying the illumination of, or incident light
falling on a surface.
Image - two dimensional representation of a real object, produced
by focusing rays of light.
Image browser – An application that enables you to view digital photos. Some browsers also allow you to rename files, convert photos from one file format to another, add text descriptions, and more.
Image editing software - Describes software which allows the user to view and alter digital images. An commonly used image editing program is Adobe Photoshop.
Image plane - plane commonly at right angles to the optical axis
at which a sharp image of the subject is formed on film or censor. The nearer the
subject is to the camera, the greater the lens image plane distance.
Image resolution - Indication of the amount of detail an image holds.
Image transmission/ transfer - The digitization of images means they can be transmitted via data carriers or networks without the loss of quality or copied an infinite number of times.
Imaging software - Software for the administration and editing of digital images (as well as other multimedia files).
Image capacity - The number of images that can be taken before the storage medium needs to be replaced.
Image compression - In order to store digital pictures economically, the image data is compressed. However, compression often causes a reduction in picture quality.
Image converter (hardware) - Semiconductor-image converter (CCD chip).
Image converter (software) - Raw file converting software. Used to convert camera raw file information in to more usual formats like. jpg and .tif
Image Processing Time The time lag that occurs between the shutter is pressed and the camera is ready to take another picture, which occurs while the camera converts the image from an analog format to a digital format and stores the data.
Image Sensor A solid-state device containing a photosite for each pixel in the image. Each photosite records the brightness of the light that strikes it during an exposure.
Image Stabilization An optical or digital system for removing or reducing camera movement.
Impressionism - art movement in which painters broke away
from the techniques of continuous brushstrokes and clearly
expressed detail. They were largely concerned with the effects of
light and color.
Incident light - light falling on a surface, as opposed to reflected
by it.
Incident light attachment - accessory for a hand held exposure
meter which allows it to give incident light readings. Many models
come with this accessory permanently attached.
Incident light reading- measurement, by light meter, of the
amount of incident light falling upon a subject. The light meter is
placed close to the subject, pointing towards the main light source.
Indicator chemical - neutral chemical which can be added to a
sample of a solution to indicate its pH level or the presence of
hypo.
Infectious development - development action which occurs in
processing "lith" materials. The oxidation of hydroquinone produces
new and highly active reducing agents, semiquinones, in the
presence of a low quantity of sodium sulfite. This results in a very
high contrast image.
Infinity - in photographic terms is a distance great enough to be
unaffected by finite variations. In practice this relates to most
subjects beyond 1000 meters or, in landscape terms, the horizon.
Infrared - rays that occur beyond the red end of the electro-
magnetic spectrum and are invisible to the human eye. They can
be recorded on specially sensitized films, producing images in
black & white or color.
vInfrared compensation index - used to compensate the focus for
black and white infrared film. Color IR film generally does not
require compensation.
Infrared focus - see IR setting.
Instamatic camera - compact camera popular in the 1960s and
70s with very simple controls, taking 126 film and yielding a 28 x28
mm negative.
Instant picture camera- camera, usually with simple controls,
producing a finished photographic print within minutes of the film
being exposed, (e.g. Polaroid cameras and materials).
Integral tri-pack - three emulsions, usually of different character,
coated on the same film base. The system is used mainly on color
materials and also on some special purpose black & white
materials.
Integrating - term used to describe a method of arriving at an
exposure setting by taking an average of the light readings from
the bright areas and the and the shadow areas of the subject.
Intensification - chemical method of increasing the density of the
photographic image. It is only suitable for treating negative
materials and works better on negatives that have been
underdeveloped rather than underexposed.
Intensity scale - exposure scale in which the time of exposure
remains constant but the intensity of light increases in regular
stops.
Interchangeable lens system - system of lenses of different
focal lengths made to fit the same camera body.
Interference - interaction of light waves when they meet and
either reinforce or cancel each other (e.g. holograms).
Interleaving - method of agitating more than one sheet of
photographic paper in the same tray of chemicals.
Intermittency effect - states that, a number of short, separate
exposures will not produce the same photographic result when
combined as a single exposure of equivalent total duration.
Internegative- negative made on special color film designed for
making copy prints from color slides.
Intersection of thirds - compositional technique whereby the
image area is divided horizontally and vertically into equal thirds by
means of four imaginary lines. The main subject is considered
strongly placed it it is positioned at the intersection of any two of
these lines.
Interspersed aspect ratio - basic requirement of certified
photofinishers and certified photo finishing equipment. It specifies
the three APS system print formats - C, H and P.
Inverse square law - states that, when the light source is a point,
illumination on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of the light source.
Inverted telephoto lens - lens construction which gives a short
focal length with a long back focus or lens-film distance. It enable
wide-angle lenses to be produced for small format cameras, where
space is required for mirrors, shutters, etc.
Internet - Worldwide network of computers that allows for the global exchange of information.
Index print Reduced display of several photos on one print.
Ink jet printer A printer that by spraying tiny black or coloured ink dots onto paper produces a hardcopy image. Modern inkjet printers can have resolutions of up to 2880 dpi (dots per inch) and create true photo-quality prints.
Integrated Circuit - Integrated Circuit = IC. (Chip)
Interface - Connecting point between the computer and an external device, e.g. mouse, scanner, modem, digital camera. (Serial interface, parallel interface)
Illustrator - Popular graphics program from Adobe.
Interpolation Method used to increase the resolution of an image map by adding pixels to an image based on the value of surrounding pixels. This method can cause artifacting.
Interlaced An image sensor that gathers its data by first processing the odd lines and then the even lines. See also Progressive Scan.
Iodine - chemical used in reducers and bleachers.
IPTC - information standard developed by the International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) to identify transmitted text and images
Iris diaphragm - continuously adjustable lens aperture consisting
of interposed metal leaves.
Irradiation - by the physical structure of the emulsion and the
distribution of the silver halide grains cause rays of light to be
scattered as they travel through the emulsion.
IR (InfraRed) A method of transferring data from camera to a computer using a beam of invisible light, requiring no cables.
IR setting - mark usually in red, found on many camera lens
mounts. It indicates the focus change required for infrared
photography.
IrDA A standard that allows data to be transferred between devices using infrared light instead of cables.
IS (Image Stabilizer) - feature that minimizes the effects of
camera shake. Originally designed for video cameras. Canon has
transferee the technology to its EF lenses.
I setting - mark found on some cheap box cameras which
indicates an instantaneous shutter speed of approximately 1/50
second.
ISO - International Standards Organization. Used instead of ASA
as prefix to film speeds. The scale is identical to the ASA scale.
It indicates the relative sensitivity to light of an image sensor or photographic film. Faster film (higher ISO) is more sensitive to light and requires less exposure than slower film.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. Digital network for the fast transmission
of voice, data, pictures, etc. between uniformly standardised user interfaces.
Ivory type - obsolete printing process designed to give the
impression of a painting on ivory. A hand colored print was
impregnated with wax and squeegeed face down on hot glass. The
paper base was then back by ivory tinted paper.
IviewMedia Pro - Digital asset management software
IX (Information Exchange) - ability of APS film to communicate
with devices, and devices to communicate with film.
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